I found noteworthy news on Fox News Science.
Michael Casey reported this article on January 14,
2016. About a billion years after the Big Bang, the Universe began to heat up for a second time and hydrogen became ionized. But what was responsible for this transformation that was critical to understanding the universe as it is today?A new study in Nature by an international team largely confirmed what astronomers long believed – that this dramatic change was due to galaxies. Specifically, they found that dwarf galaxies – so-called green peas, low-mass compact galaxies with very active star formation – were the culprit for the event that happened about 13 billion years ago.Statement analysis
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- About a billion years after the Big Bang,
- the Universe began to heat up
- for a second time and hydrogen became ionized.
- But
- what was responsible for this transformation
- that was critical
- to understanding the universe
- as it is today?
- A new study in Nature
- by an international team largely confirmed
- what astronomers long believed
- – that this dramatic change was due to galaxies.
- Specifically,
- they found that dwarf galaxies
- – so-called green peas,
- low-mass compact galaxies
- with very active star formation –
- were the culprit
- for the event
- that happened about 13 billion years ago.
Word vocabulary - English
-------------------------------------------
billion
1 the number 1,000,000,000:
2 an extremely large number of things or people
the big bang theory
the idea that the universe began with a single large explosion (the 'big bang'), and that the pieces are still flying apart
universe
1 all space, including all the stars and planets
2 a world or an area of space that is different from the one we are in
3 to be the most important person or thing to someone
4 a person's life, including all of the people, places, and ideas which affect them
a colourless gas that is the lightest of all gases, forms water when it combines with oxygen, and is used to produce ammonia and other chemicals. It is a chemical element: symbol H
ionize
to form ions or make them form
responsible
1 if someone is responsible for an accident, mistake, crime etc, it is their fault or they can be blamed
2 having a duty to be in charge of or to look after someone or something
3 sensible and able to make good judgments, so that you can be trusted
4 if something is responsible for a change, problem, event etc, it causes it
transformation
a complete change in someone or something:
critical
1 if you are critical, you criticize someone or something
2 something that is critical is very important because what happens in the future depends on it
3 a critical time or situation is serious and worrying because things might suddenly become much worse
4 so ill that you might die
5 making careful judgments about how good or bad something is
6 according to critics who give judgments about art, films, theatre, and books
as it is
1 already
2 in the actual state of affairs and often contrary to expectations
largely
mostly or mainly
dramatic
1 great and sudden
2 exciting or impressive:
3 connected with acting or plays:
4 intended to be impressive, so that people notice:
galaxy
1 one of the large groups of stars that make up the universe
2 the Galaxy : the large group of stars which our sun and its planets belong to
3 a large number of things that are similar
specifically
1 relating to or intended for one particular type of person or thing only
2 in a detailed or exact way
3 used when you are adding more exact information
dwarf
1 an imaginary creature that looks like a small man
2 a dwarf plant or animal is much smaller than the usual size
Issun-bōshi,
sometimes translated into English as "The Inch-High Samurai" is the subject of a fairy tale from Japan. This story can be found in old Japanese illustrated book, Otogizōshi.
Otogizōshi
refers to a group of approximately 350 Japanese prose narratives written primarily in the Muromachi period (1392–1573). These illustrated short stories, which remain unattributed, together form one of the representative literary genres of the Japanese medieval era.
The term otogi literally means "companion", with the full name of the genre translating to "companion tale". It consists of myths, legends, folktales, and anecdotes.
so-called
1 used to describe someone or something that has been given a name that you think is wrong
2 used to show that something or someone is usually called a particular name:
compact
1 a small flat container with a mirror, containing powder for a woman's face
2 a small car
3 an agreement between countries or people
4 small, but arranged so that everything fits neatly into the space available - used to show approval
5 packed or put together firmly and closely
6 to press something together so that it becomes smaller or more solid
active
1 always busy doing things, especially physical activities
2 involved in an organization or activity and doing lots of practical things to achieve your aims
3 operating in a way that is normal or expected
4 an active volcano is likely to explode at any time
5 an active verb or sentence has the person or thing doing the action as its subject
formation
1 the process of starting a new organization or group
2 the process by which something develops into a particular thing or shape
3 the way in which a group of things are arranged to form a pattern or shape
culprit
1 the person who is guilty of a crime or doing something wrong
2 the reason for a particular problem or difficulty
Word vocabulary - Japanese
----------------------------------------------
billion
bíljən
【名】〈米〉10億、〈英仏独〉1兆
・The total population of the world is over six billion.
世界の総人口は60億を超える。
【形-1】〈米〉10億の
【形-2】莫大な数の、無数の
【＠】ビリオン、ビリョン、【変化】《複》billions、【分節】bil・lion
Big Bang
【1】ビッグバン、宇宙大爆発
【2】大改革
【3】証券制度の自由化
universe
júːnəvə̀ː[r]s
【名-1】《天文》宇宙、銀河
・The universe is so big that we can never hope to understand it completely.
宇宙はあまりにも巨大で完全に理解することは望み得ない。
【名-2】《the ～》（存在するすべてを含む）宇宙、万物、森羅万象
【名-3】《the ～》（人間を中心とした）全世界、全人類
【名-4】（活動の）領域、分野
【名-5】《論理学》<→universe of discourse>
【名-6】《統計》母集団◆【同】population
【名-7】多数、多量
・A universe of possibilities is opening up for me.
私の目の前にたくさんの可能性が広がっている。
【＠】ユニバース、【変化】《複》universes、【分節】u・ni・verse
hydrogen
háidrədʒ[ə]n
【名】《元素》水素
【＠】ハイドゥロジェン、ハイドロジェン、【分節】hy・dro・gen
ionize
áiənàiz
【他動】イオン化する、電離する
【分節】i・on・ize
responsible
rispɑ́nsəbl
【形-1】責任がある、責任を負うべき、責任を伴う、責任の重い
【形-2】～の原因である
【形-3】信用のおける、信頼できる
【＠】リスパンスィブル、リスポシブル、【分節】re・spon・si・ble
transformation
træ̀nsfə[r]méiʃn
【名-1】変化、変質、変換、変形、変容、転換、変革
・Life is a process of transformation.
人生は変化の過程だ。
【名-2】（昆虫などの）変態、形質転換
【名-3】変圧
【＠】トランスフォーメイション、
【変化】《複》transformations、【分節】trans・for・ma・tion
critical
krítikl
【形-1】批評の、酷評的な、批判的な、非難の
【形-2】危機的な、危機の、重大な、決定的に重要な意味を持つ
・The pilot solved the critical problem of where to land.
そのパイロットはどこに着陸するべきかという重要な問題を解決した。
【形-3】（病状が）重篤な、危篤の
【形-4】本文校訂した
【形-5】《生物》分類の境界線が引きにくい、分類があいまいな
【形-6】《物理》臨界の
【＠】クリティカル、クリテカル、【分節】crit・i・cal
as it is
【1】ところが実際は
◆【用法】文頭、節と節の間で
・Although I need to pay her money, as it is now, I am broke.
彼女にお金を払わなければならないのに、実は今、私は文なしだ。
【2】そのままに◆【用法】文中、文末で
largely
lɑ́ː[r]dʒli
【副】大部分は、大体は、概して、主として、大いに
【＠】ラージリー、【分節】large・ly
dramatic
drəmǽtik
【形-1】劇の、戯曲の
【形-2】劇的な、ドラマチックな、飛躍的な、目覚ましい
・The dramatic ending to the play surprised everyone.
その芝居の劇的な結末には皆が驚いた。
【＠】ドゥラマティック、ドラマティック、【分節】dra・mat・ic
galaxy
ɡǽləksi
【名-1】星雲◆銀河系外の
【名-2】銀河系◆通例 the Galaxy
【名-3】華やかな集まり、集合
【＠】ギャラクシー、【変化】《複》galaxies、【分節】gal・ax・y
specifically
spəsífikəli
【副-1】特に、明確に、はっきりと、具体的に
・I specifically told you not to do that.
そんなことをしてはいけないと、あなたにはっきり言ったでしょう。
【副-2】厳密に言えば、具体的に言うと
・What specifically is it you're saying?
具体的に言ってどういうことですか？
【＠】スペシフィカリ、【分節】spe・cif・i・cal・ly
dwarf galaxy
わい小銀河
dwarf
dwɔ́ː[r]f
【名-1】小人、一寸法師
・Although the dwarf was small in height, he had a big heart.
その小人は、背は低かったが大きな心を持っていた。
【名-2】わい小動物［植物］、わい小形
【形-1】小さい、ちっぽけな、小型の
【形-2】《生物》矮性の、発育の止まった
【他動】～を小さくする、小さく見せる、卑小に見せる、～の成長を妨げる
【＠】ドワーフ、【変化】《動》dwarfs | dwarfing | dwarfed
一寸法師とは、
日本の御伽話の一つ。
現在伝わっている話は御伽草子に掲載されたものが元となっている。
「小さな子」のモチーフは、日本においては日本神話のスクナヒコナがその源流と考えられる。大国主命（オホナムチ）がスクナヒコナの助力により国づくりをしたように、小人は巨人とペアになって英雄の属性たる力と知恵をそれぞれ分け持つことが多い。
巨人が知恵の欠落により鬼や笑われ者へと転落するのに対し、小人は悪知恵を働かせて最後は成人の姿になりめでたく家に帰還する。社会層にとっては、力よりも現実的な困難をするりとかわして行く狡知のほうが求められたのだろう。小童だからこそいたずらも許されると考えられてきた。
so-called
sóukɔ́ːld
【形】いわゆる、～といわれて
【＠】ソーコールド、ソウコールド
low-mass
質量の小さい
compact
【1-名-1】小型車
【1-名-2】《冶金》成形体
【1-形-1】小型の、コンパクトな
【1-形-2】ぎっしり詰まった
【2-名】同意、協定、盟約
【2-自動】盟約を結ぶ
【＠】カンパクト、コンパクト、
【変化】《動》compacts | compacting | compacted、【分節】com・pact
active
ǽktiv
【形-1】活動的な、活発な、機敏な、生き生きとした、意欲的に活躍して、盛んな、積極的な
【形-2】動作中の、使える状態の、アクセスできる状態の操作の対象となっている、使用中の
【形-3】現役の
【形-4】《文法》能動態の
【形-5】活性の、噴火中の
【＠】アクチブ、アクティブ、【分節】ac・tive
star formation
星の生成、スター形成
culprit
kʌ́lprit
【名-1】刑事被告人、犯人、罪人、犯罪者、容疑者
◆法律用語では、審理を待つ無罪を主張している容疑者を指す。
・The culprit was brought before the judge for sentencing.
被告人は判決の宣告の際に、裁判官の前に連れてこられた。
【名-2】〈話〉問題の原因［発端］
【＠】カルプリット、【変化】《複》culprits、【分節】cul・prit
Reference
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Michael Casey. (2016). 'Green Pea' galaxies may explain transformation of the universe.
Available: http://www.foxnews.com/science/2016/01/14/green-pea-galaxies-may-explain-transformation-universe.html
Last accessed Jan 19, 2016.
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